Clinical Medicine And Health Research Journal

Determining the Association Between Severities of Periodontitis and Chronic Kidney Disease Severities Among Pre-Dialysis Patients.

Olusoji A. Onabanjo — 2025-03-09

Background: Different studies have looked at the effect of periodontitis on chronic kidney disease but only few studies have evaluated the effect of severities of periodontitis on severities of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) especially among predialysis patients. This study revealed the association between the severities of periodontitis and severities of CKD among predialysis patients and findings from this study may be applied to the management of CKD especially among predialysis CKD patients.

Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 120 pre-dialysis CKD participants. Full periodontal examination was carried out on the participants and severities of periodontitis assessed using American Academy of Periodontology, 2005 Classification modified by Eke and Page 2012. The severity of CKD was grouped into 5 stages based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Data collected were subjected to descriptive analysis, measures of central tendency, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Regression analysis was also done to adjust for confounders such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results: Mild Periodontitis participants had the highest mean eGFR (62.6ml/min/1.73m²) indicating better renal function while severe Periodontitis had the least mean eGFR (34.8ml/min/1.73m²). Participants with high sensitivity C-reactive protein hsCRP (hsCRP <1mg/L and hsCRP >3mg/L) had mean eGFR values of 58.7ml/min/1.73m² and 42.1ml/min/1.73m² respectively suggestive of worsening renal function with progression of periodontitis.

Conclusion: This study revealed that severities of periodontitis may have effect on the severities of CKD.

A Literature Review on Types of Questionnaires

Ahmad Khan MD, MSHs — 2025-03-09

In research, questionnaires are critical tools for various fields. Questionnaires help provide data collection in structured and organized forms to enhance data quality and quantity in research. In this literature review, we aim to dissect the different types of standard questionnaires in research. We explored their design characteristics and use in specific research contexts, and selectively analyzed relevant past studies to indicate insights into how different types of questionnaire designs optimize data quality, collection, and relevance, finally impacting research outcomes. Common categories of questionnaires in research, such as descriptive, analytical, and evaluative questionnaires, along with considerations for their construction, validation, and potential challenges during their application in the field are highlighted here. We have concluded our literature review by reflecting on the future potential of questionnaires in research designs in various disciplines.

Exploring the Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) In Type II Diabetic Patients: A Comparative Analysis of Dipstick and Microscopic Methods

Aziz ur rehman — 2025-03-11

Background Knowledge: Diabetic patients at heightened risk for urinary and renal problems resulting from metabolic abnormalities. Urine dipstick examination is a quick and non-invasive diagnostic method often used to identify abnormalities in many clinical parameters, such as nitrites, protein concentrations, ketone bodies, and leukocyte esterase.

Aim: The study aims to examine the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Type II diabetes patients by comparing the diagnostic effectiveness of dipstick testing and microscopic analysis.

Material and Method: A cross-sectional research including 264 diabetes individuals was performed. Urine samples were evaluated via dipstick techniques to assess factors such as nitrites, protein concentrations, ketone bodies, leukocyte esterase, and other indicators. Statistical methods, such as Chi-Square tests and Spearman’s correlation, were used to assess connections between nitrites and other factors.

Result: Among the 264 patients, 48.5% were male and 51.5% were female, with ages ranging from 18 to over 61 years. Significant associations were observed between nitrites and clinical parameters such as protein levels (p < 0.001), ketone bodies (p < 0.001), and leukocyte esterase (p < 0.001). For instance, 78% of patients with negative nitrites showed normal protein levels, while 20.5% had trace levels. However, no significant associations were found between nitrites and demographic variables like gender (p = 0.936) or age (p = 0.257).

Conclusion: This research underscores the efficacy of urine dipstick examination in diabetic patients for identifying significant urinary abnormalities associated with nitrites. These results underscore the need of regular urine screening to successfully prevent or control problems in patients with diabetes.

Same Day Breast Surgery Under Thoracic Epidural

Sejal J Shah MD — 2025-03-14

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States. In patients undergoing breast surgery who have significant pulmonary or cardiac comorbidities, an alternative anesthetic technique to general anesthesia may be desirable. This case report demonstrates the successful administration of a thoracic epidural as the primary anesthetic in a patient undergoing same-day bilateral partial mastectomies.

Securing AI in Global Health Research: A Framework for Cross-Border Data Collaboration

Sabira Arefin — 2025-03-17

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming global health research by enabling advanced data analytics for disease modeling, clinical trials, and personalized medicine. However, cross-border data sharing introduces significant challenges related to security, ethics, and regulatory compliance, particularly concerning patient privacy, cybersecurity threats, and adherence to standards such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), and emerging AI regulations. The increasing sophistication of cyber threats, coupled with inconsistent legal frameworks, underscores the urgent need for robust security measures.

This paper explores AI-enhanced security frameworks designed to facilitate secure and ethical global data collaboration while preserving data integrity, patient confidentiality, and equitable access to healthcare advancements. We propose a novel security model that integrates federated learning, blockchain technology, and AI-driven threat detection to mitigate risks associated with cross-border health data exchange. These technologies enable decentralized data processing, enhance security through immutable ledgers, and proactively identify cybersecurity threats in real time. Our approach is particularly relevant to rare disease research, drug development, and pandemic preparedness, where seamless yet secure international data sharing is crucial for advancing medical science while safeguarding sensitive patient information.

The Effectiveness of Levonorgestrel Releasing Intrauterine System in The Treatment in Premenopausal Age with Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

Sajidah al -Rubaai — 2025-03-18

Background: Endometrial hyperplasia is the abnormal proliferation of endometrial glands due to unopposed estrogen stimulation, often leading to an increased risk of endometrial cancer. The condition is more common than endometrial cancer, particularly in women aged 40-45 for hyperplasia without atypia and 45- 55 for atypical hyperplasia. LNG-IUS reduces hyperplasia risk by differentiating epithelial cells and preventing estrogen-induced proliferation.

Aims of the study: To estimate the effectiveness of LNG-IUS in treating heavy menstrual bleeding in premenopausal women.

Subjects and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at Basrah Maternity and Children Hospital and the private clinic of my supervisor during the period from 1^st of June 2023 to 1^st of September 2024. It involved 69 premenopausal women with heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) treated with the LNG-IUS. Participants were screened for eligibility, underwent assessments, and were monitored for menstrual blood loss, side effects, and haemoglobin levels at 4, 12, and 24 weeks post-insertion.

Results: The study involved 66 premenopausal women using LNG-IUS, 83.0% of the studied patients with HMB who inserted mirena have marked improvement at the end of the study of 24 weeks post insertion. Median Pictorial blood assessment score chart (PBAC) scores significantly reduced from a pre-insertion score of 290 to 160 at 4 weeks, 85 after 12 weeks and 22 after 24 weeks (p < 0.001). Haemoglobin levels improved from 8.6 ± 0.4 to 10.9 ± 1.2 mg/dl, and serum ferritin rose from 23 ± 16.3 to 65 ± 20.3 ng/ml (both p < 0.001). Common side effects included withdrawal bleeding (31.8%) and vaginal discharge (25.7%).

Conclusion: The LNG-IUS significantly reduced menstrual blood loss, improved symptoms in 83% of women, and had a low expulsion rate of the device, and significant increase in haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels following LNG-IUS insertion, indicating effective treatment for HMB.

Descriptive Statistical Study of The Number of Cases of Gastrointestinal Ulcers in Dhi Qar Governorate for The Year 2024

Anwar Shaqi Ajil — 2025-03-25

Back ground: The importance of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) on a worldwide scale, highlighting its detrimental impacts on health and connections to elements like Helicobacter pylori infection and lifestyle choices. the necessity of preventative actions and all-encompassing management. This study is crucial to informing healthcare policy and activities in Dhi Qar since, despite international studies, there is still a dearth of understanding of PUD in the area. In order to provide information for clinical practices and public health initiatives, the study is to examine PUD prevalence, related factors, healthcare-seeking behavior, and awareness levels in the Dhi Qar population.

Methodology: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) prevalence and related factors in Dhi Qar were examined in this cross-sectional study using a validated questionnaire that addressed the demographic criteria listed below. The sociodemographic attributes of age, gender, and place of residence. Clinical characteristics according to the location of the ulcer and infection with H. pylori. Behavioral factors or patients’ habits of smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol.A cross-sectional study was conducted at Al-Hasani Teaching Hospital in Dhi Qar in the Endoscopy Department during the period from 2/1/2024 to 12/1/2024.Descriptive statistical study of the number of cases of gastrointestinal ulcers in Dhi Qar Governorate where the number of patients admitted to the endoscopy. Adults 18 years of age or older who complained of dyspepsia and had an endoscopic evaluation in the endoscopy unit were included in the study. The flat was 1772, and both men and women were involved.

Results: The number of patients admitted to the department was 1772, the number of patients with peptic ulcers according to medical history, tests and endoscopy results was 620 patients with peptic ulcers during this study. The prevalence of peptic ulcers was no statistically significant differences were observed in the rates of digestive system diseases based on Age (P=0.31), Residential area (P=0.6), f Sex (P=0.3). While tatistically significant differences were observed in the rates of digestive system diseases based on Reason for referral (P=0.01), Level of education(P=0.01).

According to studies, smoking is one of the most important risk factors for the occurrence of ulcers, and because the number of smokers is less in society, the same applies to alcohol. Statistically significant differences were observed in the rates of digestive system diseases based on Status of Smoking, Source of drinking water, Hand washing habit before eating and Teeth decay (P=0.01). While no statistically significant differences were observed in the rates of digestive system diseases based on Fast Food, Chips and cakes (P=0.3). gastritis more prevalent infection 28%, Duodenitis recorded that 26% and Gastric ulcer 22%, while the lowest Duodenal ulcer rate recorded that 21%.